Forensic Expert George Thucydides - 1297 Words

SHIVAKUMAR VADTHIYA STUDENT ID: 1646764 MADS_6639 FORENSIC EXPERT INSTRUCTOR: GEORGE THUCYDIDES FDU-VANCOUVER 1. What are the three primary factors that determine whether evidence collected during an investigation will be admissible in court? Briefly discuss each of these factors. During an investigation, the investigator has to prove the evidence genuinely as well as relevantly. The main function of admissibility is â€Å"Relevance†. There are a number of surprising factors whether or not the evidence is admissible in court. Any evidence that are produced into the court of law(civil/criminal) will be subjected to scrutinize by both sides as well as by the magistrate to determine the information presented in court meets the general guidelines for admissibility. Making the decision by the court evolve a number of factors. Some of the questions that will be asked are: †¢ Is the evidence produced to court is relevant? †¢ Is the evidence credible and authentic? †¢ Is the evidence competent? Relevant evidence: To take an evidence for a valid consideration in the eyes of the court, the relevance stands as a basic factor for admissibility of that evidence. If this rule cannot be satisfied then that evidence will be disqualified. So, to prove that an evidence is relevant it must satisfy two conditions. First, it should directly relate with the case presented in the court. For instance, the prosecution is trying to prove the person who is involved in credit card fraud

Homework Set 10 Essay - 982 Words

Sherisse’ Woodley C. Williams Macroeconomics 23 July 2013 Homework Set 10 1. List the four categories of unemployment. * Fictional * Structural * Cyclical * Seasonal 2. What measurement tool constructed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics is used to measure changes in the level of prices of goods and services? Consumer Price Index (CPI) 3. Who would benefit from unanticipated inflation –lenders or borrowers? Why? Who would benefits from anticipated inflation –lenders, borrowers, or neither? Why? Lenders will benefit from unanticipated inflation because they can rise interest and make more money. Bowers will benefit from anticipated inflation because they had time to plan. 4. If there were 1.5†¦show more content†¦Income equality will not change drastically at the onset. The individuals will still live in th same area and be receiving the same or less depending on the education level or their ability to acquire additional skill or trades. The increase in crime will go up at the onset because there will be individuals without employment and benefits to sustain their children and families. 8. Assume that at some point in your life, you will maintain several bank accounts including a checking account and a money market account. You might pay a fee of $100 each year for your bank to sweep funds to and from your checking account depending on the balances. At the same time, you might have a job that provides for an increase in your salary based on changes in the rate of inflation. In this situation, does a loss in purchasing power represent a cost of inflation? Why or why not? Do your banking fees represent a cost of inflation? Why or why not? 9. Assume that you loaned me $1,000 at a very generous nominal interest rate of 3 percent to be paid back in one year. There is a sudden upturn in the economy, however, and inflation increases to 5 percent next year. As a result, when I repay you the $1,000 plus your $30 interest, has your purchasing power increased or decreased as a result of this loan and the interest that you received? What would your real rate of return equal? Based on your answers to the previous twoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Fin 534 Week 10 Homework Set 5 – New690 Words   |  3 PagesFIN 534 Week 10 Homework Set 5 – NEW Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/fin-534/fin-534-week-10-homework-set-5-new/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com FIN 534 Week 10 Homework Set 5 – NEW Boehm Corporation has had stable earnings growth of 8% a year for the past 10 years and in 2013 Boehm paid dividends of $2.6 million on net income of $9.8 million. However, in 2014 earnings are expected to jump to $12.6 million, and Boehm plans to invest $7.3 million in a plant expansion. 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The Marketing Value

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management. Answer: Introduction In order to acquire a good position in the market, the business organizations aim to focus on their offered product. By adding customer value, the business organizations aim to increase the buying decisions of the customers by having a better understanding on it (Mike, 2016). Moreover, it also helps them to segment their target market through a minute market analysis. This value addition also helps the organizations to expand the awareness of their brands by attracting more customers. The value addition helps the business organization to occupy an advantageous position among its competitors by building a healthy long term relationship with the customers. The marketing value is determined through quantitative and qualitative analysis. In the case of quantitative analysis, the price of the product is regarded, while the qualitative analysis refers to the individual response toward the value system; that can be physical, mental, emotional, economic, cultural or environmental factors. In order to acquire maximum consumer support, the chief aim of the business organizations needs to provide the consumers best quality products at reasonable prices with the assurance that they will provide help even after the purchase so that they can influence the customer perceptions (investopedia.com, n.d). Customer Value-Product With the help of three major components of laser keyboard, the business organizations aim to increase the consumer value of a product. The first level refers to the value of core customers rather their buying decisions. The second level indicates to the packing and features of a product, while, the third level suggests to the augmented value with which the business organizations determines its organizational strategies (marketing-insider.eu, 2015). Core Customer Value The chief product is the laser keyboard which seems to be highly portable and easily attachable to any electronic device. Moreover, it is very effective in solving factorial issues which refers to the scientific definition of human capabilities and limitation that help to produce a more effective and safe and dependable product along with creating an efficient learning environment. Unlike the clumsy hardware keyboard, the laser keyboard helps to keep the surroundings compact and clean and also influence to improve the project quality of the students. Actual Level One of the main reasons behind the popularity of laser keyboard is its various interesting, smart features. This keyboard is also available in various colors and shapes. Consumers are supposed to get this product in a very safe manner as it is delivered in a bubble bag which seems to be placed in a hard box. Moreover, it has various parts namely Keyboard pattern projector, linear laser and infrared light camera along with the screw cap, front panel, bottom base, side frame and nylon column. The most attractive feature of this keyboard is its inbuilt power bank of 5200mAh. In addition, it also allows the consumers to write in different languages with several visual stickers. Its potable cable can be used as keychain which seems to be as handy as the handy key bunches (banggood.com, n.d). Augmented Product With the help of the non-physical aspect of a product namely the augmented aspect, the business organizations tend to add best customer value along with providing them effective experiences of their particular brand. In the case of laser keyboard, the customers tend to get a warranty period of one year along with the option of a specific website, where they can report if they face any difficulty in the configuration of the product. Moreover, as per the special service of laser keyboard, the old product can be exchanged with the new and updated product at a compensated price (banggood.com, n.d). Seizing Customer Value-Price The pricing strategy seems to be the most influential factor of the business entities with which desired amount of revenue can be generated from the consumers. This pricing strategy seems to be a variable factor in accordance with the profit level and influence of consumer buying decisions are concerned. In the case of laser keyboard, penetration pricing strategy has been adapted. Penetration pricing strategy, as per the Investopedias website, helps the business entities to successfully attract the consumers towards the innovative features of a new product. By employing this strategy, the business organizations try to attract the consumers at the beginning of the introduction of a new product so that they can attract a huge number of consumers towards their product among the immense competitive market. As per this marketing concept, it is observed that the low price of a particular product can make the consumers bound to increase their awareness about its information and to buy that product (investopedia.com, n.d). In the case of laser keyboard, the price has been considered as 27.30 OMR after the detailed examination of the manufacturing and supplying costs with one year warranty assurance. The laser keyboards are developed in the local factories for lower manufacture cost and then finally they are supplied to the various electronic shops of Oman. The major constituting elements of laser keyboard are LED infrared light, silicon and rubber buttons. The product of laser keyboards are seems to be the new products along with the organization in the Oman market. For this reason, this organization does not have any competitors in Oman. Therefore, it will take time to attract the attention of the consumers in Oman. However, it can be assumed that with the passing time in technological advancement and with the increasing awareness about the offered product along with the new trend of handy and stylish keyboards, the consumers of not only Oman but also from all around the world will show interest in th e pricing and new features of laser keyboard. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that the two constituting elements of marketing mix namely the price and the product helps to determine customer value. In recent times the consumers tend to analyze the fact that at the time of buying, they are giving the right amount for the deserved product. In order to determine a successful marketing strategy, the business organizations need to first evaluate the demands and expectations of the consumers depending upon which the price and development of the product are supposed to be determined so that it can surprise the consumers and exceed their expectations.

Business Law IMM v The Queen Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Law IMM v The Queen. Answer: Introduction In IMM v The Queen [2016] HCA 14 (IMM) the High Court held by a 4-3 larger part (the majority) that a trial judge, while surveying the "probative esteem" of confirmation under the Evidence Act, must assume that the proof "is acknowledged" and is in this way valid and dependable. In their contradicting judgments, Nettle, Gordon and Gageler JJ differ and looked at that as an evaluation of probative esteem fundamentally includes contemplations of unwavering quality. At the trial the appealing party was discovered blameworthy of two checks of foul managing a kid and one tally of sex with his step-grandaughter. The complainant's confirmation was the main direct proof given of the charged offenses. Regardless of protests, the indictment was permitted to show certain "propensity confirmation" and "objection prove"[1]. The inclination confirms was given by the complainant. Her confirmation was that while the complainant and another young lady were giving the appealing party a back rub, he ran his hand up the complainant's leg. The trial judge decided that the propensity prove was permissible in light of the fact that it had "noteworthy probative esteem"[2]. Essentially, the trial judge moved toward the undertaking of surveying the probative estimation of the inclination confirm on the presumption that the jury would acknowledge the confirmation and factors, for example, the validity of the complainant or the unwavering quality of the proof were not considered. Summary The appealing party contended that the trial judge ought not have expected that the jury would acknowledge the confirmation being referred to while considering the probative estimation of the proof under segment 97(1) (b) and segment 137[3]. It was additionally presented that deciding "probative esteem" must require the court to consider all issues that a tribunal of certainty would, which in IMM was a jury. In like manner, the litigant contended that a court can't be obliged by expecting that the jury will acknowledge the confirmation, particularly when there are motivations to question the believability of a witness or the unwavering quality of the proof. The appealing party presented that the inclination confirmation and protestation prove did not have noteworthy probative esteem on the grounds that the proof was gotten exclusively from the complainant, whose validity was by and large in issue. The New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal (NSWCCA) and the Victorian Court of Appeal (VSCA) have taken clashing positions on the best way to survey "probative value"[4]. R v Shamouil (Shamouil) is the primary New South Wales specialist where the NSWCCA (Spigelman CJ, Simpson and Adams JJ) held that a trial judge deciding the probative estimation of proof with the end goal of segment 137 ought to do as such on the presumption that the jury will acknowledge the confirmation and ought not consider the unwavering quality of the proof[5]. In Shamouil, Spigelman CJ embraced what Gaudron J said in Adam v The Queen. Her Honor considered that the meaning of "probative esteem" in the Evidence Act more likely than not read into it a presumption that a jury will acknowledge the confirmation being referred to on the grounds that, as a viable issue, "proof can sanely influence the appraisal of the likelihood of a reality in issue just in the event that it is accepted[6]." In Shamouil, Spigelman CJ noticed that this approach is steady with the customarylaw way to deal with the rejection of confirmation under the "Christie discretion", where a trial judge practicing that attentiveness did not, in surveying whether the probative estimation of the confirmation is exceeded by its biased impact, decide if the jury should, or ought not, acknowledge the confirmation; nor did the trial judge consider the unwavering quality of the evidence. Spigelman CJ inferred that the words utilized as a part of the meaning of "probative esteem" in t he Evidence Act unequivocally showed that a similar approach be taken.While considering the acceptability of proof, a trial judge should first consider the pertinence of the confirmation under s 55. Area 55, which characterizes 'pertinence', makes reference such that confirmation "could normally" have on a proof of reality. In IMM the dominant part noted at that "could" alludes to the capacity of confirmation to do as such and the expression "judiciously" does not require thought of the honesty or exactness of the proof. The lion's share finished up at "The inquiry with regards to the ability of the confirmation to reasonably influence the appraisal of the likelihood of the presence of a reality in issue is to be controlled by a trial judge on the presumption that the jury will acknowledge the proof[7]. This takes after from the words "on the off chance that it were acknowledged", which are communicated to qualify the evaluation of the significance of the confirmation. This suspicion fundamentally denies to the trial judge any thought with respect to whether the confirmation is trustworthy. Nor will it be fundamental for a trial judge to decide if the confirmation is dependable, in light of the fact that the main inquiry is whether it has the ability, sanely, to influence discoveries of actuality. There may obviously be a constraining case in which the proof is so inalienably unimaginable, whimsical or incredible that it couldn't be acknowledged by a level-headed jury. In such a case its impact on the likelihood of the presence of a reality in issue would be nil and it would not meet the model of significance." Analysis The legislative scheme which brought and uniformevidence law throughAustralian law Reform Commission in the year 1995. The evidence act 1995 provides evidence into two categories one is termed as tendency evidence and coincidence evidence. Tendency evidence has been defined and articulated under section 97 and 137 of the act[8]. These two sections deals with the type of evidence to be focused in the case of IMM. Section 97 perfect states that the external exclusionary rule which operates as an exception in the admissibility of evidence before the court. Tendency evidence can be defined as evidence which has a character, reputation of conduct of a person or a tendency which a person has or had in the past. Therefore, the main motive behind enacting the provisions of tendency evidence is to prove that a person at the tendency to act or behave in a particular manners. Section 97 also provides prohibition against the use of the evidence and food provisions in which case this type of evid ence will be used. The act says that the agency valence shell be used in case of certain procedural steps which are required to be fulfilled and David else should be connected to the other evidences food before the court by the party which has significant probative value[9]. Probative value has been defined under Evidence Act in Section 55 of the act which states that such evidence should affect the existence of the fact of the case. The high court in the case of a man has decided whether evidence play a part in determining the probative value. In case of criminal matters the evidence act provides that the judge should have a balance for the probative value and prejudicial effect during the admissibility of evidence against the party. Section 101 subsection 2 states that in case of criminal proceedings evidence given by the crown for the defendant require that the probative value of search evidence shall have a pre judicial effect on the defendant[10]. The test has been made in the case of IMM found the result that the Evidence Act is required under the test to evaluate the output of the prejudicial effect. In IMM the issues on advance were whether the trial judge had failed in taking the unwavering quality of the confirm as guaranteed and continuing upon the suspicion that the jury would acknowledge the confirmation at the point when her Honor connected s 97(1)(b) to the propensity confirmation and s 137 to grievance prove. The appellants' contention did not call into the inquiry the utilization of the more prohibitive s 101 test to inclination prove. The lion's share in the High Court explicitly dismissed the Victorian position as embraced in Dupas in support of the New South Wales approach[11]. Their Respects found that the Dupas position, in which the unwavering quality of the confirmation shapes some portion of the evaluation of the probative esteem, was in opposition to the statutory arrangements, which accommodated the exceptionally restricted events where a trial judge should consider the unwavering quality or validity in choosing to concede evidence, and the long line of specia list since path before Hoch and Pfennig, which saves the subject of unwavering quality or generally for the jury[12]. In IMM the issues on progress were whether the trial judge had bombed in taking the unfaltering nature of the affirm as ensured and proceeding upon the doubt that the jury would recognize the affirmation exactly when her Honor associated s 97(1)(b) to the inclination affirmation and s 137 to grievance demonstrate[13]. The appellants' conflict did not call into the request the usage of the more restrictive s 101 test to slant demonstrate. The lion's offer in the High Court unequivocally expelled the Victorian position as grasped in Dupas in support of the New South Wales approach. Their Regards found that the Dupas position, in which the steadfast nature of the affirmation shapes some bit of the assessment of the probative regard, was contrary to the statutory game plans, which suited the especially confined occasions where a trial judge ought to consider the steadfast quality or legitimacy in deciding to yield evidence,30 and the long line of master since way before Hoch and Pfennig, which spares the subject of unflinching quality or for the most part for the jury commit the offenses charged. Given the assumption that the proof was dependable and expecting the blamed ran his hand up the complainant's legs the confirmation would demonstrate that the denounced had a sexual enthusiasm for the protest and along these lines, would fundamentally influence the assurance of whether the denounced submitted the offenses charged[14]. Conclusion The High Court's choice does not block a judge from withholding clearly over the top prove from a jury. As clarified by J D Heydon QC in his article "Is the Weight of Evidence Material to Its Admissibility?", where the proof is "intrinsically unconvincing", it would at present have a low probative esteem notwithstanding when "taken at its most astounding". 37 Their Honors additionally received Heydon QC's case of personality confirm from a witness who just had a transitory look of the charged in extremely poor visual conditions[15]. In rundown, IMM conclusively settled the contradiction between the most noteworthy investigative courts in the country's two busiest purviews, finding that the unwavering quality of the confirmation and validity of the witness was not to be considered in choosing regardless of whether inclination confirm is acceptable under the uniform confirmation law. In any case, notwithstanding choosing that the unwavering quality of confirmation was best left to the jury, the Court made an imperative capability that it would even now be the employment of future judges to keep prove that is "characteristically unbelievable" or "clearly ludicrous" far from the jury in spite of their at first sight probative incentive by characteristic use of the rule that the probative esteem of such confirmation would be lessened when seen with other confirmation. The High Court likewise chose to expel all follows of impact of Hoch and Pfennig, forerunners of the inclination manage, by dismissing the use of the Hoch capability as far as joint mixture in the utilization of the exercise in careful control as required in s 101(2). Lamentably, the Court has declined to bargain facilitate with its explanations behind dismissal the utilization of the Hoch capability[16] Bibliography: Adams, Michael WR, and Christopher K. Wareham. "Is Judicial Consideration of Credibility and Reliability under Section 137 of the Uniform EvidenceLaw a Guarantee of Fairness or Moral Treason."Monash UL Rev.40 (2014): 243. Clayton, Gina.Textbook on immigration and asylum law. Oxford University Press, 2016. Edmond, Gary, David Hamer, and Emma Cunliffe. "A little ignorance is a dangerous thing: engaging with exogenous knowledge not adduced by the parties."Griffith Law Review25.3 (2016): 383-413. Edmond, Gary, et al. "Christie, Section 137 and Forensic Science Evidence (After Dupas v. the Queen and R v. XY)."Monash UL Rev.40 (2014): 389. Elgebaly, Hassan A., et al. "Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Opophytum Forsskalii."Aljouf Science and Engineering Journal3.1 (2016): 19-24. French, Robert. "Criminal law sentencing in the high court."Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia)39.6 (2017): 26. Gans, Jeremy.Modern criminal law of Australia. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Hamer, David A. "'Tendency Evidence'and'Coincidence Evidence'in the Criminal Trial: What's the Difference?." (2017). Heydon, J. D. "Is the Weight of Evidence Material to Its Admissibility."Current Issues Crim. Just.26 (2014): 219. Keane, Adrian, and Paul McKeown.The modern law of evidence. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014. McGorrery, Paul Gordon, and Marilyn McMahon. "A fair hearing Earwitness identifications and voice identification parades."The International Journal of Evidence Proof(2017): 1365712717690753. Odgers, S. (2016). Uniform Evidence Law at 21.Current Issues Crim. Just.,28, 311. Odgers, Stephen, and Richard Lancaster. "The probative value of evidence."Bar News: The Journal of the NSW Bar AssociationWinter 2016 (2016): 36. Odgers, Stephen. "Paul Byrne SC memorial lecture: Uniform evidence law at 21."Current Issues in Criminal Justice28.3 (2017): 311. Stockdale, Michael, Emma Smith, and Mehera San Roque. "Bad Character Evidence in the Criminal Trial: The English Statutory/Common Law Dichotomy-Anglo-Australian Perspectives." (2016): 441. Tesheira, Karen.Commonwealth Caribbean Family Law: Husband, Wife and Cohabitant. Routledge, 2016.

Historical and Theological Context of Byzantine Iconoclasm

Journal Entry- coming to the new world essays

Journal Entry- coming to the new world essays Hello, my name is Thomas Moore. I am writing from the ship that has brought me to the new world. I am seventeen years old and soon I will find work to raise money for a room at an inn (if they have one) but until then, with no change in my pocket and no place to sleep I find my cubby hole of a room to be of greatest comfort. It is the year 1680 and I have presently finished the long journey from my home of England to Jamestown, Virginia. It was a fairly good trip, despite the many months it took, hardly comfortable and never easy, but bearable nonetheless. See I bartered my passage onto the ship with the first mate himself. I offered him my culinary services in exchange for any sort of stay on the ship. See, I was raised by my mother and she insisted on me knowing how to take care of myself, including doing my own cooking, so I have become quite a chef. And as this is a ship full of men, the first mate reluctantly took me aboard, casting me to an empty, abandoned room below deck. The three men I share this room with have become my closest company over the past months, though I couldnt call then my friends. We have decided that our sleeping quarters must have once been a bathroom for there is no other explanation for the smell. As for Virginia! What an incredible place. Perhaps it is because of my surroundings in England, or maybe because it is springtime, but I dont believe I have ever seen a more beautiful place. It is so uninhabited and primitive. And to think there could be gold lurking under every rock! That is the real reason I came to Virginia, gold and riches, although it was not by choice that I came. My father has fallen ill after losing his job and our only source of income. Now my mother is finding it difficult to pay the bills for the two room apartment we call home. It was supposed to be a temporary place but I doubt we will ever leave, after three years of living there. And we would like to conti...

Consumer Buying Behaviour Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer Buying Behaviour - Literature review Example Therefore, this assumption challenges the thought of an international consumer culture with homogenised consumer sectors as well as customs, by declaring that those expenditure practices are shaped by the local outlines within which they take place (Bond et al, 2004, p. 33). Youth forms one of the biggest markets around the globe for cell phones, with more than 201 million subscribers between 18 to 25 years of age. Cell phones have appeared as signs of customer revolution, turning into a necessary product and having ‘ubiquitous’ part in the expanding retail landscape. The term customer revolution has as well been extensively used to represent the increase in consumption of cell phones among youth (Munusamy et al, 2010, p. 22). Two distinct attitudes to brands that describe the selection of a mobile phone are by â€Å"attitudes towards the cell phone brand name on one hand and attitudes towards the network on the other† (Usunier & Lee, 2009, p. 372). Whereas cost a nd constancy of service were found to control selections between network suppliers, selections between cell phone brands were influenced by new technology aspects, for instance, ‘memory’ and ‘SMS options’, more than its size.... The diffusion pace is said to rely mainly on manufacturing costs (Perrey & Spillecke, 2011, p. 211). Cost and properties were considered as the most essential causes influencing the choice to buy modern cell phone model among the respondents as exhibited. In accordance with the survey close to 90 percent and more than 95 percent, for cost and properties respectively, believed that cost and properties had influenced their selection procedure at least relatively much. â€Å"Cost might have controlled the decision making in the sample more than it does for the whole population, as the average net income in the target groups was relatively low† (Hackley, 2010, p. 192). Company’s order or sales representative’s suggestions were considered as the least significant reasons. The selection of the operator was influenced mainly by cost and audibility: more or less 93 percent thought that price the operator asks had influenced their selection at least relatively much. Addit ionally, audibility was the next most significant cause: 92 percent thought that audibility had influenced their choice at least relatively much (Soder & Wiedmaier, 2006, p. 99). Other causes of considerable significance were properties, companions' selection of the operator, contract form and free calls. Sales representative and employer were the least significant influencing the selection of one's operator. Majority of the popular services used these days are ‘logos’ and ‘ringing tones’. â€Å"More than 80 percent of the respondents had ordered logos and tones for their mobile devices. These two were chased by cell phone bill inquiry - 71 percent had ordered - and call

What do You Understand by Economic Protectionism Essay

What do You Understand by Economic Protectionism - Essay Example Free trade is known to be more favorable to consumers and hence such protectionism hurts the consumers more (Lee, 2001). The reason for this is mostly consumers have to buy low quality goods at a higher price. The quality of goods obtained at this is far more inferior. They even have to pay higher taxes in order to help the government bear the burden of subsidies. They are of left with little choices since foreign products are lowered or eliminated by imposing restrictions. The case is worst when it comes to essential commodities like food grains, salt, and sugar. The political argument offered for such protection is to have a ‘fair’ trade. This means either the government is trying to make the domestic industries more competitive in international market or it wants to strike a balance between importing goods and maintaining domestic production. Although it is argued that producers are favored with this policy of protection but at the same time they are losing consumers on account of this. Not all industries and firms are receiving protection and subsidies. The ones deprived of such facilities are again diversely hit as they try to increase productivity (Lee, 2001). Economists have also favored free trade than such protection because trade carries the advantages of increased productivity and employment. However real life case examples will help to point out the implications of such protection. Japanese protection for rice production can be cited as an example. Japanese people had been worshipping rice as god and had been fighting to protect rice production. Japanese government has offered subsidies to rice farmers (Barlett, 2006). This and prevention of foreign rice imports has been adopted as strategies for protection. Previously heavy snowing has distorted rice...These policies are adopted when the country is giving more importance to development of domestic industries rather than engaging in free trade. Economic Protectionism has tremendous infl uence on consumption as well as production. But the impact is more on the production side. Sometimes protection is offered to some scale industries who hardly show any incentive to grow and just wasting the opportunities and facilities offered by the government. Neither they have any incentive to innovate and produce better quality products. The country suffers a loss of revenue that it could have earned from trade. This is because other countries retaliate in a similar manner by imposing restrictions on the country’s exports. Government is worse off by losing revenue from trade. In some cases the government also offers subsidies to the industries for growth which is helpful only if the industry has the potential to compete with its foreign counterparts. Moreover urban development demands more landscapes for which they are concentrating on acquisition of rice fields. This will make farmers lose their livelihood. So the government has stepped forward to protect rice farming. It restricts cheap imported rice from entering Japan and at the same time helps the farmers with a support price. Hence rice farming protection can be considered justified here.

Court Brief 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Court Brief 2 - Assignment Example Is officer Brosseau entitled to qualified immunity for the use of excessive force? The Court of Appeals decided for Brosseau finding that she was entitled to qualified immunity. There was a â€Å"hazy border between excessive and acceptable force† in Brosseau’s actions for which, she was entitled to qualified immunity. Officer Brosseau violated the Fourth Amendment, but she had the cause according to which, â€Å"the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or to the others, it is not constitutionally unreasonable to prevent escape by using deadly force† after which, she was not regarded as a violator of law. According to Haugen, Brosseau violated his federal constitutional rights. Glen Tamburello reported officer Brosseau about some stolen tools from his shop and blamed Kenneth Haugen, his former crime partner. Later on, Brosseau came to know that for Haugen’s felony, there was no-bail arrest warrant against him for charges of drugs and other offences. When Haugen was in his mother’s driveway, Tamburello accompanied with Matt Attwood drove to Haugen, where they had a fight after which, a neighbor called 911. Brosseau reached the scene and due to her arrival, Haugen got a chance to get away and hide in a neighbor’s backyard. On a radioed report, Brosseau reached there and found Haugen. Haugen tried to escape by jumping into his jeep. Brosseau doubted him trying to get some weapon. However, he was searching for the keys to drive away. Brosseau ordered Haugen multiple times to get out of the vehicle and also fired several times on the driver’s side window with her hand gun. She even tried to get the keys through the side window and hi t Haugen with the barrel and butt of her gun, but ignoring all her commands and attempts, Haugen started and drove the jeep a little after which, Brosseau shot in his back considering the life of those officers in danger who were on foot. While deciding for

Types of Logistics Strategies

Types of Logistics Strategies Logistics Logistics is the art and science of managing and controlling the flow of goods, energy, information and other resources like products, services, and people, from the source of production to the marketplace. It is difficult to accomplish any marketing or manufacturing without logistical support. It involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging. The operating responsibility of logistics is the geographical repositioning of raw materials, work in process, and finished inventories where required at the lowest cost possible. 1- Overwiew of Logistics The word of logistics originates from the ancient Greek logos (), which means ratio, word, calculation, reason, speech, oration. Logistics as a concept is considered to evolve from the militarys need to supply themselves as they moved from their base to a forward position. In ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine empires, there were military officers with the title Logistikas who were responsible for financial and supply distribution matters. The Oxford English dictionary defines logistics as: The branch of military science having to do with procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities.Another dictionary definition is: The time related positioning of resources. As such, logistics is commonly seen as a branch of engineering which creates people systems rather than machine systems. Military logistics In military logistics, experts manage how and when to move resources to the places they are needed. In military science, maintaining ones supply lines while disrupting those of the enemy is a crucial-some would say the most crucial-element of military strategy, since an armed force without food, fuel and ammunition is defenseless. The Iraq war was a dramatic example of the importance of logistics. It had become very necessary for the US and its allies to move huge amounts of men, materials and equipment over great distances. Led by Lieutenant General William Pagonis, Logistics was successfully used for this movement. The defeat of the British in the American War of Independence, and the defeat of Rommel in World War II, have been largely attributed to logistical failure. The historical leaders Hannibal Barca and Alexander the Great are considered to have been logistical geniuses. 1. Logistics Management Logistics Management is that part of the supply chain which plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements. Business logistics Logistics as a business concept evolved only in the 1950s. This was mainly due to the increasing complexity of supplying ones business with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, calling for experts in the field who are called Supply Chain Logisticians. This can be defined as having the right item in the right quantity at the right time for the right price and is the science of process and incorporates all industry sectors. The goal of logistic work is to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant efficiencies. In business, logistics may have either internal focus(inbound logistics), or external focus (outbound logistics) covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption (see supply chain management). The main functions of a logistics manager include Inventory Management, purchasing, transport, warehousing, and the organizing and planning of these activities. Logistics managers combine a general knowledge of each of these functions so that there is a coordination of resources in an organization. There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics. One optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes. The other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some project. Logistics as a concept is considered to evolve from the militarys need to supply themselves as they moved from their base to a forward position. In ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine empires, there were military officers with the title Log istikas who were responsible for financial and supply distribution matters. Production logistics The term is used for describing logistic processes within an industry. The purpose of production logistics is to ensure that each machine and workstation is being fed with the right product in the right quantity and quality at the right point in time. The issue is not the transportation itself, but to streamline and control the flow through the value adding processes and eliminate non-value adding ones. Production logistics can be applied in existing as well as new plants. Manufacturing in an existing plant is a constantly changing process. Machines are exchanged and new ones added, which gives the opportunity to improve the production logistics system accordingly. Production logistics provides the means to achieve customer response and capital efficiency 2. Commercial vehicle operation Commercial Vehicle Operations is an application of Intelligent Transportation Systems for trucks. A typical system would be purchased by the managers of a trucking company. It would have a satellite navigation system, a small computer and a digital radio in each truck. Every fifteen minutes the computer transmits where the truck has been. The digital radio service forwards the data to the central office of the trucking company. A computer system in the central office manages the fleet in real time under control of a team of dispatchers. In this way, the central office knows where its trucks are. The company tracks individual loads by using barcoded containers and pallets to track loads combined into a larger container. To minimize handling-expense, damage and waste of vehicle capacity, optimal-sized pallets are often constructed at distribution points to go to particular destinations. A good load-tracking system will help deliver more than 95% of its loads via truck, on planned schedules. If a truck gets off its route, or is delayed, the truck can be diverted to a better route, or urgent loads that are likely to be late can be diverted to air freight. This allows a trucking company to deliver a true premium service at only slightly higher cost. The best proprietary systems, such as the one operated by FedEx, achieve better than 99.999% on-time delivery. Load-tracking systems use queuing theory, linear programming and minimum spanning tree logic to predict and improve arrival times. The exact means of combining these are usually secret recipes deeply hidden in the software. The basic scheme is that hypothetical routes are constructed by combining road segments, and then poor ones are eliminated using linear programming. The controlled routes allow a truck to avoid heavy traffic caused by rush-hour, accidents or road-work. Increasingly, governments are providing digital notification when roadways are known to have reduced capacity. A good system lets the computer, dispatcher and driver collaborate on finding a good route, or a method to move the load. One special value is that the computer can automatically eliminate routes over roads that cannot take the weight of the truck, or that have overhead obstructions. Usually, the drivers log into the system. The system helps remind a driver to rest. Rested drivers operate the truck more skillfully and safely. When these systems were first introduced, some drivers resisted them, viewing them as a way for management to spy on the driver. A well-managed intelligent transportation system provides drivers with huge amounts of help. It gives them a view of their own load and the network of roadways. Components of CVO include: Fleet Administration Freight Administration Electronic Clearance Commercial Vehicle Administrative Processes International Border Crossing Clearance Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Roadside CVO Safety On-Board Safety Monitoring CVO Fleet Maintenance Hazardous Material Planning and Incident Response Freight In-Transit Monitoring Freight Terminal Management 3. CONTAINERIZATION Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport cargo transport using standard ISO containers (known as Shipping Containers or Isotainers) that can be loaded and sealed intact onto container ships, railroad cars, planes, and trucks. Containerization is also the term given to the process of determining the best carton, box or pallet to be used to ship a single item or number of items. ISO Container dimensions and payloads There are five common standard lengths, 20-ft (6.1 m), 40-ft (12.2 m), 45-ft (13.7 m), 48-ft (14.6 m), and 53-ft (16.2 m). United States domestic standard containers are generally 48-ft and 53-ft (rail and truck). Container capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). A twenty-foot equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (length) Ãâ€" 8 ft (width) Ãâ€" 8 ft 6 in (height) container. In metric units this is 6.10 m (length) Ãâ€" 2.44 m (width) Ãâ€" 2.59 m (height), or approximately 38.5 m ³. These sell at about US$2,500 in China, the biggest manufacturer. Most containers today are of the 40-ft (12.2 m) variety and are known as 40-foot containers. This is equivalent to 2 TEU. 45-foot (13.7 m) containers are also designated 2 TEU. Two TEU are equivalent to one forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU). High cube containers have a height of 9 ft 6 in (2.9m), while half-height containers, used for heavy loads, have a height of 4 ft 3 in (1.3 m). When converting containers to TEUs, the height of the containers typically is not considered. The use of US measurements to describe container size (TEU, FEU) despite the fact the rest of the world uses the metric system reflects the fact that US shipping companies played a major part in the development of containers. The overwhelming need to have a standard size for containers, in order that they fit all ships, cranes, and trucks, and the length of time that the current container sizes have been in use, makes changing to an even metric size impractical. The maximum gross mass for a 20-ft dry cargo container is 24,000 kg, and for a 40-ft, (inc. the 2.87 m (9 ft 5 in) high cube container), it is 30,480 kg. Allowing for the tare mass of the container, the maximum payload mass is there reduced to approx. 21,600 kg for 20-ft, and 26,500 kg for 40-ft containers. Shipping Container History A container ship being loaded by a portainer crane in Copenhagen Harbour. Twistlocks which capture and constrain containers. Forklifts designed to handle containers have similar devices. A container freight train in the UK. Containers produced a huge reduction in port handling costs, contributing significantly to lower freight charges and, in turn, boosting trade flows. Almost every manufactured product humans consume spends some time in a container. Containerization is an important element of the innovations in logistics that revolutionized freight handling in the 20th century. Efforts to ship cargo in containers date to the 19th century. By the 1920s, railroads on several continents were carrying containers that could be transferred to trucks or ships, but these containers were invariably small by todays standards. From 1926 to 1947, the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railway carried motor carrier vehicles and shippers vehicles loaded on flatcars between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Chicago, Illinois. Beginning in 1929, Seatrain Lines carried railroad boxcars on its sea vessels to transport goods between New York and Cuba. In the mid-1930s, the Chicago Great Western Railway and then the New Haven Railroad began piggy-back service (transporting highway freight trailers on flatcars) limited to their own railroads. By 1953, the CBQ, the Chicago and Eastern Illinois and the Southern Pacific railroads had joined the innovation. Most cars were surplus flatcars equipped with new decks. By 1955, an additional 25 railroads had begun some form of piggy-back trailer s ervice. The first vessels purpose-built to carry containers began operation in Denmark in 1951. Ships began carrying containers between Seattle and Alaska in 1951. The worlds first truly intermodal container system used purpose-built container ship the Clifford J. Rodgers built in Montreal in 1955 and owned by the White Pass and Yukon Route. Its first trip carried 600 containers between North Vancouver, British Columbia and Skagway, Alaska on November 26, 1955; in Skagway, the containers were unloaded to purpose-built railroad cars for transport north to the Yukon, in the first intermodal service using trucks, ships and railroad cars. Southbound containers were loaded by shippers in the Yukon, moved by truck, rail, ship and truck to their consignees, without opening. This first intermodal system operated from November 1955 for many years. A converted container used as an office at a building site. The widespread use of ISO standard containers has driven modifications in other freight-moving standards, gradually forcing removable truck bodies or swap bodies into the standard sizes and shapes (though without the strength needed to be stacked), and changing completely the worldwide use of freight pallets that fit into ISO containers or into commercial vehicles. Improved cargo security is also an important benefit of containerization. The cargo is not visible to the casual viewer and thus is less likely to be stolen and the doors of the containers are generally sealed so that tampering is more evident. This has reduced the falling off the truck syndrome that long plagued the shipping industry. Use of the same basic sizes of containers across the globe has lessened the problems caused by incompatible rail gauge sizes in different countries. The majority of the rail networks in the world operate on a 1,435mm (4ft 8 ½in) gauge track known as standard gauge but many countries like Russia, Finland and Spain use broader gauges while other many countries in Africa and South America use narrower gauges on their networks. The use of container trains in all these countries makes trans-shipment between different gauge trains easier, with automatic or semi-automatic equipment. Some of the largest global companies containerizing containers today are Patrick Global Shipping, Bowen Exports and Theiler Sons Goods, LLC. Loss at sea of ISO Containers Containers occasionally fall from the ships that carry them, something that occurs an estimated 2,000 to 10,000 times each year. For instance, on November 30, 2006, a container washed ashore on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, along with thousands of bags of its cargo of tortilla chips. Containers lost at sea do not necessarily sink, but seldom float very high out of the water, making them a shipping hazard that is difficult to detect. Freight from lost containers has provided oceanographers with unexpected opportunities to track global ocean currents. Double-stack containerization A Railroad car with a 20 tank container and a conventional 20 container. Most flatcars cannot carry more than one standard 40 foot container, but if the rail line has been built with sufficient vertical clearance, a well car can accept a container and still leave enough clearance for another container on top. This usually precludes operation of double-stacked wagons on lines with overhead electric wiring (exception: Betuweroute). Double stacking has been used in North America since American President Lines introduced this double stack principle under the name of Stacktrain rail service in 1984. It saved shippers money and now accounts for almost 70 percent of intermodal freight transport shipments in the United States, in part due to the generous vertical clearances used by US railroads ISO Container types Various container types are available for different needs General purpose dry van for boxes, cartons, cases, sacks, bales, pallets, drums in standard, high or half height High cube palletwide containers for europallet compatibility Temperature controlled from -25 °c to +25 °c reefer Open top bulktainers for bulk minerals, heavy machinery Open side for loading oversize pallet Flushfolding flat-rack containers for heavy and bulky semi-finished goods, out of gauge cargo Platform or bolster for barrels and drums, crates, cable drums, out of gauge cargo, machinery, and processed timber Ventilated containers for organic products requiring ventilation Tank containers for bulk liquids and dangerous goods Rolling floor for difficult to handle cargo Determining the best carton, box or pallet While the creation of the best container for shipping of newly created product is called Containerization, the term also applies to determining the right box and the best placement inside that box in order fulfillment. This may be planned by software modules in a warehouse management system. This optimization software calculates the best spatial position of each item withing such constraints as stackability and crush resistance 4. CROSS DOCKING Cross-docking is a practice in logistics of unloading materials from an incoming semi-trailer truck or rail car and loading these materials in outbound trailers or rail cars, with little or no storage in between. This may be done to change type of conveyance, or to sort material intended for different destinations, or to combine material from different origins. Cross docking is used to decrease inventory storage by streamlining the flow between the supplier and the manufacturer. Typical applications Hub and spoke arrangements, where materials are brought in to one central location and then sorted for delivery to a variety of destinations Consolidation arrangements, where a variety of smaller shipments are combined into one larger shipment for economy of transport Deconsolidation arrangements, where large shipments (e.g. railcar lots) are broken down into smaller lots for ease of delivery. Factors influencing the use of cross-docks Customer and supplier geography particularly when a single corporate customer has many multiple branches or using points Freight costs for the commodities being transported Cost of inventory in transit Complexity of loads Handling methods Logistics software integration between supplier(s), vendor, and shipper 5 .DISTRIBUTION Distribution is one of the four aspects of marketing. A distributor is the middleman between the manufacturer and retailer. After a product is manufactured it is typically shipped (and usually sold) to a distributor. The distributor then sells the product to retailers or customers. The other three parts of the marketing mix are product management, pricing, and promotion. Traditionally, distribution has been seen as dealing with logistics: how to get the product or service to the customer. It must answer questions such as: Should the product be sold through a retailer? Should the product be distributed through wholesale? Should multi-level marketing channels be used? How long should the channel be (how many members)? Where should the product or service be available? When should the product or service be available? Should distribution be exclusive, selective or extensive? Who should control the channel (referred to as the channel captain)? Should channel relationships be informal or contractual? Should channel members share advertising (referred to as co-op ads)? Should electronic methods of distribution be used? Are there physical distribution and logistical issues to deal with? What will it cost to keep an inventory of products on store shelves and in channel warehouses (referred to as filling the pipeline)? The distribution channel Channels A number of alternate channels of distribution may be available: Selling direct, such as via mail order, Internet and telephone sales Agent, who typically sells direct on behalf of the producer Distributor (also called wholesaler), who sells to retailers Retailer (also called dealer), who sells to end customers Advertisement typically used for consumption goods Distribution channels may not be restricted to physical products alone. They may be just as important for moving a service from producer to consumer in certain sectors, since both direct and indirect channels may be used. Hotels, for example, may sell their services (typically rooms) directly or through travel agents, tour operators, airlines, tourist boards, centralized reservation systems, etc. There have also been some innovations in the distribution of services. For example, there has been an increase in franchising and in rental services the latter offering anything from televisions through tools. There has also been some evidence of service integration, with services linking together, particularly in the travel and tourism sectors. For example, links now exist between airlines, hotels and car rental services. In addition, there has been a significant increase in retail outlets for the service sector. Outlets such as estate agencies and building society offices are crowding out traditional grocers from major shopping areas.. Channel members Distribution channels can thus have a number of levels. Kotler defined the simplest level, that of direct contact with no intermediaries involved, as the zero-level channel. The next level, the one-level channel, features just one intermediary; in consumer goods a retailer, for industrial goods a distributor, say. In small markets (such as small countries) it is practical to reach the whole market using just one- and zero-level channels. In large markets (such as larger countries) a second level, a wholesaler for example, is now mainly used to extend distribution to the large number of small, neighbourhood retailers In Japan the chain of distribution is often complex and further levels are used, even for the simplest . Channel structure To the various `levels of distribution, which they refer to as the `channel length, Lancaster and Massingham also added another structural element, the relationship between its members: Conventional or free-flow This is the usual, widely recognized, channel with a range of `middle-men passing the goods on to the end-user. Single transaction A temporary `channel may be set up for one transaction; for example, the sale of property or a specific civil engineering project. This does not share many characteristics with other channel transactions, each one being unique. Vertical marketing system (VMS) In this form, the elements of distribution are integrated. The internal market Many of the marketing principles and techniques which are applied to the external customers of an organization can be just as effectively applied to each subsidiarys, or each departments, internal customers. In some parts of certain organizations this may in fact be formalized, as goods are transferred between separate parts of the organization at a `transfer price. To all intents and purposes, with the possible exception of the pricing mechanism itself, this process can and should be viewed as a normal buyer-seller relationship. Less obvious, but just as practical, is the use of `marketing by service and administrative departments; to optimize their contribution to their `customers (the rest of the organization in general, and those parts of it which deal directly with them in particular). In all of this, the lessons of the non-profit organizations, in dealing with their clients, offer a very useful parallel. Channel Decisions Channel strategy Product (or service)CostConsumer location Channel management The channel decision is very important. In theory at least, there is a form of trade-off: the cost of using intermediaries to achieve wider distribution is supposedly lower. Indeed, most consumer goods manufacturers could never justify the cost of selling direct to their consumers, except by mail order. In practice, if the producer is large enough, the use of intermediaries (particularly at the agent and wholesaler level) can sometimes cost more than going direct. Many of the theoretical arguments about channels therefore revolve around cost. On the other hand, most of the practical decisions are concerned with control of the consumer. The small company has no alternative but to use intermediaries, often several layers of them, but large companies do have the choice. However, many suppliers seem to assume that once their product has been sold into the channel, into the beginning of the distribution chain, their job is finished. Yet that distribution chain is merely assuming a part of the suppliers responsibility; and, if he has any aspirations to be market-oriented, his job should really be extended to managing, albeit very indirectly, all the processes involved in that chain, until the product or service arrives with the end-user. This may involve a number of decisions on the part of the supplier: Channel membership Channel motivation Monitoring and managing channels Channel membership Intensive distribution Where the majority of resellers stock the `product (with convenience products, for example, and particularly the brand leaders in consumer goods markets) price competition may be evident. Selective distribution This is the normal pattern (in both consumer and industrial markets) where `suitable resellers stock the product. Exclusive distribution Only specially selected resellers (typically only one per geographical area) are allowed to sell the `product. Channel motivation It is difficult enough to motivate direct employees to provide the necessary sales and service support. Motivating the owners and employees of the independent organizations in a distribution chain requires even greater effort. There are many devices for achieving such motivation. Perhaps the most usual is `bribery: the supplier offers a better margin, to tempt the owners in the channel to push the product rather than its competitors; or a competition is offered to the distributors sales personnel, so that they are tempted to push the product. At the other end of the spectrum is the almost symbiotic relationship that the all too rare supplier in the computer field develops with its agents; where the agents personnel, support as well as sales, are trained to almost the same standard as the suppliers own staff. Monitoring and managing channels In much the same way that the organizations own sales and distribution activities need to be monitored and managed, so will those of the distribution chain. In practice, of course, many organizations use a mix of different channels; in particular, they may complement a direct salesforce, calling on the larger accounts, with agents, covering the smaller customers and prospects. Vertical marketing This relatively recent development integrates the channel with the original supplier producer, wholesalers and retailers working in one unified system. This may arise because one member of the chain owns the other elements (often called `corporate systems integration); a supplier owning its own retail outlets, this being forward integration. It is perhaps more likely that a retailer will own its own suppliers, this being backward integration. (For example, MFI, the furniture retailer, owns Hygena which makes its kitchen and bedroom units.) The integration can also be by franchise (such as that offered by McDonalds hamburgers and Benetton clothes) or simple co-operation (in the way that Marks Spencer co-operates with its suppliers). Alternative approaches are `contractual systems, often led by a wholesale or retail co-operative, and `administered marketing systems where one (dominant) member of the distribution chain uses its position to co-ordinate the other members activities. This has traditionally been the form led by manufacturers. The intention of vertical marketing is to give all those involved (and particularly the supplier at one end, and the retailer at the other) control over the distribution chain. This removes one set of variables from the marketing equations. Other research indicates that vertical integration is a strategy which is best pursued at the mature stage of the market (or product). At earlier stages it can actually reduce profits. It is arguable that it also diverts attention from the real business of the organization. Suppliers rarely excel in retail operations and, in theory, retailers should focus on their sales outlets rather than on manufacturing facilities ( Marks Spencer, for example, very deliberately provides considerable amounts of technical assistance to its suppliers, but does not own them). Horizontal marketing A rather less frequent example of new approaches to channels is where two or more non-competing organizations agree on a joint venture a joint marketing operation because it is beyond the capacity of each individual organization alone. In general, this is less likely to revolve around marketing synergy. LOGISTICS IN FOOD DISTRIBUTION Food distribution, a method of distributing (or transporting) food from one place to another, is a very important factor in public nutrition. Where it breaks down, famine, malnutrition or illness can occur. During some periods of Ancient Rome, food distribution occurred with the policy of giving free bread to its citizens under the provision of a common good. There are three main components of food distribution: Transport infrastructure, such as roads, vehicles, rail transport, airports, and ports. Food handling technology and regulation, such as refrigeration, and storage, warehousing. Adequate source and supply logistics, based on demand and need. Information logistics In general, it is exactly logistics of information. The field of information logistics aims at developing concepts, technologies and applications for need-oriented information supply. Information-on-demand services are a typical application area for information logistics, as they have to fulfil user needs with respect to content, location, time and quality Information Logistics consists of two words information and logistics. Information can mean a lot of things, but usually is text (syntax with a semantic meaning) and logistics which is the transportation of sth from point A to point B. In a simplified sense is a newsletter information logistics, also an e-mail or even the ordinary mail you receive. Information logistics is concerned with the supply of information to individuals and Types of Logistics Strategies Types of Logistics Strategies Logistics Logistics is the art and science of managing and controlling the flow of goods, energy, information and other resources like products, services, and people, from the source of production to the marketplace. It is difficult to accomplish any marketing or manufacturing without logistical support. It involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging. The operating responsibility of logistics is the geographical repositioning of raw materials, work in process, and finished inventories where required at the lowest cost possible. 1- Overwiew of Logistics The word of logistics originates from the ancient Greek logos (), which means ratio, word, calculation, reason, speech, oration. Logistics as a concept is considered to evolve from the militarys need to supply themselves as they moved from their base to a forward position. In ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine empires, there were military officers with the title Logistikas who were responsible for financial and supply distribution matters. The Oxford English dictionary defines logistics as: The branch of military science having to do with procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities.Another dictionary definition is: The time related positioning of resources. As such, logistics is commonly seen as a branch of engineering which creates people systems rather than machine systems. Military logistics In military logistics, experts manage how and when to move resources to the places they are needed. In military science, maintaining ones supply lines while disrupting those of the enemy is a crucial-some would say the most crucial-element of military strategy, since an armed force without food, fuel and ammunition is defenseless. The Iraq war was a dramatic example of the importance of logistics. It had become very necessary for the US and its allies to move huge amounts of men, materials and equipment over great distances. Led by Lieutenant General William Pagonis, Logistics was successfully used for this movement. The defeat of the British in the American War of Independence, and the defeat of Rommel in World War II, have been largely attributed to logistical failure. The historical leaders Hannibal Barca and Alexander the Great are considered to have been logistical geniuses. 1. Logistics Management Logistics Management is that part of the supply chain which plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements. Business logistics Logistics as a business concept evolved only in the 1950s. This was mainly due to the increasing complexity of supplying ones business with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, calling for experts in the field who are called Supply Chain Logisticians. This can be defined as having the right item in the right quantity at the right time for the right price and is the science of process and incorporates all industry sectors. The goal of logistic work is to manage the fruition of project life cycles, supply chains and resultant efficiencies. In business, logistics may have either internal focus(inbound logistics), or external focus (outbound logistics) covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption (see supply chain management). The main functions of a logistics manager include Inventory Management, purchasing, transport, warehousing, and the organizing and planning of these activities. Logistics managers combine a general knowledge of each of these functions so that there is a coordination of resources in an organization. There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics. One optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes. The other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some project. Logistics as a concept is considered to evolve from the militarys need to supply themselves as they moved from their base to a forward position. In ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine empires, there were military officers with the title Log istikas who were responsible for financial and supply distribution matters. Production logistics The term is used for describing logistic processes within an industry. The purpose of production logistics is to ensure that each machine and workstation is being fed with the right product in the right quantity and quality at the right point in time. The issue is not the transportation itself, but to streamline and control the flow through the value adding processes and eliminate non-value adding ones. Production logistics can be applied in existing as well as new plants. Manufacturing in an existing plant is a constantly changing process. Machines are exchanged and new ones added, which gives the opportunity to improve the production logistics system accordingly. Production logistics provides the means to achieve customer response and capital efficiency 2. Commercial vehicle operation Commercial Vehicle Operations is an application of Intelligent Transportation Systems for trucks. A typical system would be purchased by the managers of a trucking company. It would have a satellite navigation system, a small computer and a digital radio in each truck. Every fifteen minutes the computer transmits where the truck has been. The digital radio service forwards the data to the central office of the trucking company. A computer system in the central office manages the fleet in real time under control of a team of dispatchers. In this way, the central office knows where its trucks are. The company tracks individual loads by using barcoded containers and pallets to track loads combined into a larger container. To minimize handling-expense, damage and waste of vehicle capacity, optimal-sized pallets are often constructed at distribution points to go to particular destinations. A good load-tracking system will help deliver more than 95% of its loads via truck, on planned schedules. If a truck gets off its route, or is delayed, the truck can be diverted to a better route, or urgent loads that are likely to be late can be diverted to air freight. This allows a trucking company to deliver a true premium service at only slightly higher cost. The best proprietary systems, such as the one operated by FedEx, achieve better than 99.999% on-time delivery. Load-tracking systems use queuing theory, linear programming and minimum spanning tree logic to predict and improve arrival times. The exact means of combining these are usually secret recipes deeply hidden in the software. The basic scheme is that hypothetical routes are constructed by combining road segments, and then poor ones are eliminated using linear programming. The controlled routes allow a truck to avoid heavy traffic caused by rush-hour, accidents or road-work. Increasingly, governments are providing digital notification when roadways are known to have reduced capacity. A good system lets the computer, dispatcher and driver collaborate on finding a good route, or a method to move the load. One special value is that the computer can automatically eliminate routes over roads that cannot take the weight of the truck, or that have overhead obstructions. Usually, the drivers log into the system. The system helps remind a driver to rest. Rested drivers operate the truck more skillfully and safely. When these systems were first introduced, some drivers resisted them, viewing them as a way for management to spy on the driver. A well-managed intelligent transportation system provides drivers with huge amounts of help. It gives them a view of their own load and the network of roadways. Components of CVO include: Fleet Administration Freight Administration Electronic Clearance Commercial Vehicle Administrative Processes International Border Crossing Clearance Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Roadside CVO Safety On-Board Safety Monitoring CVO Fleet Maintenance Hazardous Material Planning and Incident Response Freight In-Transit Monitoring Freight Terminal Management 3. CONTAINERIZATION Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport cargo transport using standard ISO containers (known as Shipping Containers or Isotainers) that can be loaded and sealed intact onto container ships, railroad cars, planes, and trucks. Containerization is also the term given to the process of determining the best carton, box or pallet to be used to ship a single item or number of items. ISO Container dimensions and payloads There are five common standard lengths, 20-ft (6.1 m), 40-ft (12.2 m), 45-ft (13.7 m), 48-ft (14.6 m), and 53-ft (16.2 m). United States domestic standard containers are generally 48-ft and 53-ft (rail and truck). Container capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). A twenty-foot equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (length) Ãâ€" 8 ft (width) Ãâ€" 8 ft 6 in (height) container. In metric units this is 6.10 m (length) Ãâ€" 2.44 m (width) Ãâ€" 2.59 m (height), or approximately 38.5 m ³. These sell at about US$2,500 in China, the biggest manufacturer. Most containers today are of the 40-ft (12.2 m) variety and are known as 40-foot containers. This is equivalent to 2 TEU. 45-foot (13.7 m) containers are also designated 2 TEU. Two TEU are equivalent to one forty-foot equivalent unit (FEU). High cube containers have a height of 9 ft 6 in (2.9m), while half-height containers, used for heavy loads, have a height of 4 ft 3 in (1.3 m). When converting containers to TEUs, the height of the containers typically is not considered. The use of US measurements to describe container size (TEU, FEU) despite the fact the rest of the world uses the metric system reflects the fact that US shipping companies played a major part in the development of containers. The overwhelming need to have a standard size for containers, in order that they fit all ships, cranes, and trucks, and the length of time that the current container sizes have been in use, makes changing to an even metric size impractical. The maximum gross mass for a 20-ft dry cargo container is 24,000 kg, and for a 40-ft, (inc. the 2.87 m (9 ft 5 in) high cube container), it is 30,480 kg. Allowing for the tare mass of the container, the maximum payload mass is there reduced to approx. 21,600 kg for 20-ft, and 26,500 kg for 40-ft containers. Shipping Container History A container ship being loaded by a portainer crane in Copenhagen Harbour. Twistlocks which capture and constrain containers. Forklifts designed to handle containers have similar devices. A container freight train in the UK. Containers produced a huge reduction in port handling costs, contributing significantly to lower freight charges and, in turn, boosting trade flows. Almost every manufactured product humans consume spends some time in a container. Containerization is an important element of the innovations in logistics that revolutionized freight handling in the 20th century. Efforts to ship cargo in containers date to the 19th century. By the 1920s, railroads on several continents were carrying containers that could be transferred to trucks or ships, but these containers were invariably small by todays standards. From 1926 to 1947, the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railway carried motor carrier vehicles and shippers vehicles loaded on flatcars between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Chicago, Illinois. Beginning in 1929, Seatrain Lines carried railroad boxcars on its sea vessels to transport goods between New York and Cuba. In the mid-1930s, the Chicago Great Western Railway and then the New Haven Railroad began piggy-back service (transporting highway freight trailers on flatcars) limited to their own railroads. By 1953, the CBQ, the Chicago and Eastern Illinois and the Southern Pacific railroads had joined the innovation. Most cars were surplus flatcars equipped with new decks. By 1955, an additional 25 railroads had begun some form of piggy-back trailer s ervice. The first vessels purpose-built to carry containers began operation in Denmark in 1951. Ships began carrying containers between Seattle and Alaska in 1951. The worlds first truly intermodal container system used purpose-built container ship the Clifford J. Rodgers built in Montreal in 1955 and owned by the White Pass and Yukon Route. Its first trip carried 600 containers between North Vancouver, British Columbia and Skagway, Alaska on November 26, 1955; in Skagway, the containers were unloaded to purpose-built railroad cars for transport north to the Yukon, in the first intermodal service using trucks, ships and railroad cars. Southbound containers were loaded by shippers in the Yukon, moved by truck, rail, ship and truck to their consignees, without opening. This first intermodal system operated from November 1955 for many years. A converted container used as an office at a building site. The widespread use of ISO standard containers has driven modifications in other freight-moving standards, gradually forcing removable truck bodies or swap bodies into the standard sizes and shapes (though without the strength needed to be stacked), and changing completely the worldwide use of freight pallets that fit into ISO containers or into commercial vehicles. Improved cargo security is also an important benefit of containerization. The cargo is not visible to the casual viewer and thus is less likely to be stolen and the doors of the containers are generally sealed so that tampering is more evident. This has reduced the falling off the truck syndrome that long plagued the shipping industry. Use of the same basic sizes of containers across the globe has lessened the problems caused by incompatible rail gauge sizes in different countries. The majority of the rail networks in the world operate on a 1,435mm (4ft 8 ½in) gauge track known as standard gauge but many countries like Russia, Finland and Spain use broader gauges while other many countries in Africa and South America use narrower gauges on their networks. The use of container trains in all these countries makes trans-shipment between different gauge trains easier, with automatic or semi-automatic equipment. Some of the largest global companies containerizing containers today are Patrick Global Shipping, Bowen Exports and Theiler Sons Goods, LLC. Loss at sea of ISO Containers Containers occasionally fall from the ships that carry them, something that occurs an estimated 2,000 to 10,000 times each year. For instance, on November 30, 2006, a container washed ashore on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, along with thousands of bags of its cargo of tortilla chips. Containers lost at sea do not necessarily sink, but seldom float very high out of the water, making them a shipping hazard that is difficult to detect. Freight from lost containers has provided oceanographers with unexpected opportunities to track global ocean currents. Double-stack containerization A Railroad car with a 20 tank container and a conventional 20 container. Most flatcars cannot carry more than one standard 40 foot container, but if the rail line has been built with sufficient vertical clearance, a well car can accept a container and still leave enough clearance for another container on top. This usually precludes operation of double-stacked wagons on lines with overhead electric wiring (exception: Betuweroute). Double stacking has been used in North America since American President Lines introduced this double stack principle under the name of Stacktrain rail service in 1984. It saved shippers money and now accounts for almost 70 percent of intermodal freight transport shipments in the United States, in part due to the generous vertical clearances used by US railroads ISO Container types Various container types are available for different needs General purpose dry van for boxes, cartons, cases, sacks, bales, pallets, drums in standard, high or half height High cube palletwide containers for europallet compatibility Temperature controlled from -25 °c to +25 °c reefer Open top bulktainers for bulk minerals, heavy machinery Open side for loading oversize pallet Flushfolding flat-rack containers for heavy and bulky semi-finished goods, out of gauge cargo Platform or bolster for barrels and drums, crates, cable drums, out of gauge cargo, machinery, and processed timber Ventilated containers for organic products requiring ventilation Tank containers for bulk liquids and dangerous goods Rolling floor for difficult to handle cargo Determining the best carton, box or pallet While the creation of the best container for shipping of newly created product is called Containerization, the term also applies to determining the right box and the best placement inside that box in order fulfillment. This may be planned by software modules in a warehouse management system. This optimization software calculates the best spatial position of each item withing such constraints as stackability and crush resistance 4. CROSS DOCKING Cross-docking is a practice in logistics of unloading materials from an incoming semi-trailer truck or rail car and loading these materials in outbound trailers or rail cars, with little or no storage in between. This may be done to change type of conveyance, or to sort material intended for different destinations, or to combine material from different origins. Cross docking is used to decrease inventory storage by streamlining the flow between the supplier and the manufacturer. Typical applications Hub and spoke arrangements, where materials are brought in to one central location and then sorted for delivery to a variety of destinations Consolidation arrangements, where a variety of smaller shipments are combined into one larger shipment for economy of transport Deconsolidation arrangements, where large shipments (e.g. railcar lots) are broken down into smaller lots for ease of delivery. Factors influencing the use of cross-docks Customer and supplier geography particularly when a single corporate customer has many multiple branches or using points Freight costs for the commodities being transported Cost of inventory in transit Complexity of loads Handling methods Logistics software integration between supplier(s), vendor, and shipper 5 .DISTRIBUTION Distribution is one of the four aspects of marketing. A distributor is the middleman between the manufacturer and retailer. After a product is manufactured it is typically shipped (and usually sold) to a distributor. The distributor then sells the product to retailers or customers. The other three parts of the marketing mix are product management, pricing, and promotion. Traditionally, distribution has been seen as dealing with logistics: how to get the product or service to the customer. It must answer questions such as: Should the product be sold through a retailer? Should the product be distributed through wholesale? Should multi-level marketing channels be used? How long should the channel be (how many members)? Where should the product or service be available? When should the product or service be available? Should distribution be exclusive, selective or extensive? Who should control the channel (referred to as the channel captain)? Should channel relationships be informal or contractual? Should channel members share advertising (referred to as co-op ads)? Should electronic methods of distribution be used? Are there physical distribution and logistical issues to deal with? What will it cost to keep an inventory of products on store shelves and in channel warehouses (referred to as filling the pipeline)? The distribution channel Channels A number of alternate channels of distribution may be available: Selling direct, such as via mail order, Internet and telephone sales Agent, who typically sells direct on behalf of the producer Distributor (also called wholesaler), who sells to retailers Retailer (also called dealer), who sells to end customers Advertisement typically used for consumption goods Distribution channels may not be restricted to physical products alone. They may be just as important for moving a service from producer to consumer in certain sectors, since both direct and indirect channels may be used. Hotels, for example, may sell their services (typically rooms) directly or through travel agents, tour operators, airlines, tourist boards, centralized reservation systems, etc. There have also been some innovations in the distribution of services. For example, there has been an increase in franchising and in rental services the latter offering anything from televisions through tools. There has also been some evidence of service integration, with services linking together, particularly in the travel and tourism sectors. For example, links now exist between airlines, hotels and car rental services. In addition, there has been a significant increase in retail outlets for the service sector. Outlets such as estate agencies and building society offices are crowding out traditional grocers from major shopping areas.. Channel members Distribution channels can thus have a number of levels. Kotler defined the simplest level, that of direct contact with no intermediaries involved, as the zero-level channel. The next level, the one-level channel, features just one intermediary; in consumer goods a retailer, for industrial goods a distributor, say. In small markets (such as small countries) it is practical to reach the whole market using just one- and zero-level channels. In large markets (such as larger countries) a second level, a wholesaler for example, is now mainly used to extend distribution to the large number of small, neighbourhood retailers In Japan the chain of distribution is often complex and further levels are used, even for the simplest . Channel structure To the various `levels of distribution, which they refer to as the `channel length, Lancaster and Massingham also added another structural element, the relationship between its members: Conventional or free-flow This is the usual, widely recognized, channel with a range of `middle-men passing the goods on to the end-user. Single transaction A temporary `channel may be set up for one transaction; for example, the sale of property or a specific civil engineering project. This does not share many characteristics with other channel transactions, each one being unique. Vertical marketing system (VMS) In this form, the elements of distribution are integrated. The internal market Many of the marketing principles and techniques which are applied to the external customers of an organization can be just as effectively applied to each subsidiarys, or each departments, internal customers. In some parts of certain organizations this may in fact be formalized, as goods are transferred between separate parts of the organization at a `transfer price. To all intents and purposes, with the possible exception of the pricing mechanism itself, this process can and should be viewed as a normal buyer-seller relationship. Less obvious, but just as practical, is the use of `marketing by service and administrative departments; to optimize their contribution to their `customers (the rest of the organization in general, and those parts of it which deal directly with them in particular). In all of this, the lessons of the non-profit organizations, in dealing with their clients, offer a very useful parallel. Channel Decisions Channel strategy Product (or service)CostConsumer location Channel management The channel decision is very important. In theory at least, there is a form of trade-off: the cost of using intermediaries to achieve wider distribution is supposedly lower. Indeed, most consumer goods manufacturers could never justify the cost of selling direct to their consumers, except by mail order. In practice, if the producer is large enough, the use of intermediaries (particularly at the agent and wholesaler level) can sometimes cost more than going direct. Many of the theoretical arguments about channels therefore revolve around cost. On the other hand, most of the practical decisions are concerned with control of the consumer. The small company has no alternative but to use intermediaries, often several layers of them, but large companies do have the choice. However, many suppliers seem to assume that once their product has been sold into the channel, into the beginning of the distribution chain, their job is finished. Yet that distribution chain is merely assuming a part of the suppliers responsibility; and, if he has any aspirations to be market-oriented, his job should really be extended to managing, albeit very indirectly, all the processes involved in that chain, until the product or service arrives with the end-user. This may involve a number of decisions on the part of the supplier: Channel membership Channel motivation Monitoring and managing channels Channel membership Intensive distribution Where the majority of resellers stock the `product (with convenience products, for example, and particularly the brand leaders in consumer goods markets) price competition may be evident. Selective distribution This is the normal pattern (in both consumer and industrial markets) where `suitable resellers stock the product. Exclusive distribution Only specially selected resellers (typically only one per geographical area) are allowed to sell the `product. Channel motivation It is difficult enough to motivate direct employees to provide the necessary sales and service support. Motivating the owners and employees of the independent organizations in a distribution chain requires even greater effort. There are many devices for achieving such motivation. Perhaps the most usual is `bribery: the supplier offers a better margin, to tempt the owners in the channel to push the product rather than its competitors; or a competition is offered to the distributors sales personnel, so that they are tempted to push the product. At the other end of the spectrum is the almost symbiotic relationship that the all too rare supplier in the computer field develops with its agents; where the agents personnel, support as well as sales, are trained to almost the same standard as the suppliers own staff. Monitoring and managing channels In much the same way that the organizations own sales and distribution activities need to be monitored and managed, so will those of the distribution chain. In practice, of course, many organizations use a mix of different channels; in particular, they may complement a direct salesforce, calling on the larger accounts, with agents, covering the smaller customers and prospects. Vertical marketing This relatively recent development integrates the channel with the original supplier producer, wholesalers and retailers working in one unified system. This may arise because one member of the chain owns the other elements (often called `corporate systems integration); a supplier owning its own retail outlets, this being forward integration. It is perhaps more likely that a retailer will own its own suppliers, this being backward integration. (For example, MFI, the furniture retailer, owns Hygena which makes its kitchen and bedroom units.) The integration can also be by franchise (such as that offered by McDonalds hamburgers and Benetton clothes) or simple co-operation (in the way that Marks Spencer co-operates with its suppliers). Alternative approaches are `contractual systems, often led by a wholesale or retail co-operative, and `administered marketing systems where one (dominant) member of the distribution chain uses its position to co-ordinate the other members activities. This has traditionally been the form led by manufacturers. The intention of vertical marketing is to give all those involved (and particularly the supplier at one end, and the retailer at the other) control over the distribution chain. This removes one set of variables from the marketing equations. Other research indicates that vertical integration is a strategy which is best pursued at the mature stage of the market (or product). At earlier stages it can actually reduce profits. It is arguable that it also diverts attention from the real business of the organization. Suppliers rarely excel in retail operations and, in theory, retailers should focus on their sales outlets rather than on manufacturing facilities ( Marks Spencer, for example, very deliberately provides considerable amounts of technical assistance to its suppliers, but does not own them). Horizontal marketing A rather less frequent example of new approaches to channels is where two or more non-competing organizations agree on a joint venture a joint marketing operation because it is beyond the capacity of each individual organization alone. In general, this is less likely to revolve around marketing synergy. LOGISTICS IN FOOD DISTRIBUTION Food distribution, a method of distributing (or transporting) food from one place to another, is a very important factor in public nutrition. Where it breaks down, famine, malnutrition or illness can occur. During some periods of Ancient Rome, food distribution occurred with the policy of giving free bread to its citizens under the provision of a common good. There are three main components of food distribution: Transport infrastructure, such as roads, vehicles, rail transport, airports, and ports. Food handling technology and regulation, such as refrigeration, and storage, warehousing. Adequate source and supply logistics, based on demand and need. Information logistics In general, it is exactly logistics of information. The field of information logistics aims at developing concepts, technologies and applications for need-oriented information supply. Information-on-demand services are a typical application area for information logistics, as they have to fulfil user needs with respect to content, location, time and quality Information Logistics consists of two words information and logistics. Information can mean a lot of things, but usually is text (syntax with a semantic meaning) and logistics which is the transportation of sth from point A to point B. In a simplified sense is a newsletter information logistics, also an e-mail or even the ordinary mail you receive. Information logistics is concerned with the supply of information to individuals and